Reviewer - Recent questions and answers in Science & Innovation

Answered: How do vaccines work inside the human body to protect us from diseases?

Sun, 23 Nov 2025 14:12:20 +0000

Modern vaccines also stimulate memory cells, which store long-term immunity. Some vaccines provide protection for years, while others require boosters to maintain immunity. Vaccines have helped eradicate deadly diseases like smallpox and significantly reduce the impact of polio, measles, and influenza. They continue to play a vital role in global health as new viruses and variants emerge.

Answered: What causes earthquakes and how do scientists measure them?

Sun, 23 Nov 2025 13:42:15 +0000

Seismic waves help determine the earthquake’s epicenter and depth. A higher magnitude means more energy released, but impact also depends on population density, building quality, and terrain. Early warning systems and earthquake-resistant infrastructure help reduce damage in earthquake-prone regions.

Continuous monitoring allows scientists to better understand patterns and reduce risk, although predicting exact timing remains impossible.

Answered: How does CRISPR gene editing work and why is it considered revolutionary?

Sun, 23 Nov 2025 13:12:20 +0000

The technology has vast applications: treating genetic diseases, improving crop resistance, and even potentially curing inherited disorders. While still being studied for ethical and safety concerns, CRISPR’s ability to modify DNA precisely and quickly is considered one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs of the 21st century.

It has opened new possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and evolutionary research.

Answered: Why is the James Webb Space Telescope considered a major breakthrough in astronomy?

Sun, 23 Nov 2025 12:42:22 +0000

JWST also enables scientists to study the atmospheres of exoplanets by analyzing how starlight passes through them. This helps detect gases like water vapor, methane, or carbon dioxide—important for identifying potentially habitable planets. Additionally, the telescope’s ultra-stable orbit and advanced cooling systems allow long-duration observations without interference.

Overall, JWST represents a major leap forward in understanding galaxy formation, star birth, and the potential for life beyond Earth.

Answered: How do black holes form and why do they have such strong gravity?

Sun, 23 Nov 2025 12:12:20 +0000

Scientists have discovered different types of black holes: stellar black holes, intermediate black holes, and supermassive black holes found at the centers of galaxies. The latter can be millions or even billions of times the mass of our Sun. Their gravity plays a key role in galaxy formation and the movement of stars.

While black holes cannot be seen directly, astronomers detect their presence by observing how nearby stars and gas clouds behave. Research continues to uncover their secrets, making black holes one of the most exciting areas of modern astrophysics.